764-AADD can help. Airmen Against Drunk Driving provides all active duty and their family members a safe and free ride home from local establishments that serve alcohol. Programs like AADD - along with safety initiatives such as the Save-a-Life tour, attended by hundreds of Langley Airmen - have contributed to the 1st Fighter Wing … Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD, was started in 1980 by a California mom whose daughter was killed in a drunk driving crash. She was joined by another mom in Maryland whose daughter had been seriously injured by a drunk driver. Every day, 29 people are killed in drunk driving crashes. A harsh statistic Mothers Against Drunk Drivinghave fought to change for decades. "I'm hollering, crying, devastated. They just told me ...Dec 31, 2021 · Mothers Against Drunk Driving called the measure included in the infrastructure law "monumental." "This is the beginning of the end of drunk driving," MADD president Alex Otte said in a statement. Buy MOMS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING | MADD - Graphic Pullover Hoodie: Shop top fashion brands Hoodies at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchasesJan 4, 2023 · "She ended up taking custody of all of their children," said Alex Otte, a regional director with Moms Against Drunk Driving (MADD). "She talks a lot about how grandparents, their children are ... There are 80 estimated trips taken by a drunk driver for every one DUI, Dennis Maughan, the Pacific Northwest regional executive director of Moms Against Drunk Driving, a national advocacy group ...Their mom, Dawn Simmons, was in the car with three of her nine children when a drunk driver slammed into them, killing 20-year-old Lindy, 17-year-old Christopher and 15-year-old Kamryn. It nearly ... Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a nonprofit organization. MADD's mission statement has evolved over the years. Their stated missing is: "The mission of Mothers Against Drunk Driving is to stop drunk driving, support the victims of this violent crime and prevent underage drinking." [1] On their website they claim to have worked to save ... At Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we’re focused on one goal: ending impaired driving for good. Since our founding, we've served as a lifeline for thousands of victims and survivors, and drunk driving fatalities have been cut in half — but we refuse to stop there. Together, we can end this 100% preventable crime. 24/7 Help Donate Now. We're Here for You. …Mothers Against Drunk Driving's annual revenue is $32.3M. Zippia's data science team found the following key financial metrics about Mothers Against Drunk Driving after extensive research and analysis. Mothers Against Drunk Driving has 2,013 employees, and the revenue per employee ratio is $16,051.A quarter-century after the worst-ever drunk driving crash, survivors share with a new film why people should remember. Karolyn Nunnallee still remembers that morning 25 years ago when her husband ...Goals: To end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes, and prevent underage drinking. Methods : -Mandatory jail sentences. - Treatment for alcoholism and other alcohol abuse issues. -License suspensions. -Maintaining the minimum legal drinking age at 21 years. - Mandating alcohol …We can connect you with an experienced Los Angeles DUI lawyer and get you a FREE consultation. Fill out the form to the right or call (310) 896-2724 and get your free consultation today. Mothers Against Drunk Driving or MADD is an anti-DUI organization that runs some California programs for convicted DUI drivers. Learn …MADD founder’s daughter killed by drunk driver. On May 3, 1980, 13-year-old Cari Lightner of Fair Oaks, California, is walking along a quiet road on her way to a church carnival when a car ...At Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we’re focused on one goal: ending impaired driving for good. Since our founding, we've served as a lifeline for thousands of victims and survivors, and drunk driving fatalities have been cut in half — but we refuse to stop there. Together, we can end this 100% preventable crime. 24/7 Help Donate Now. We're Here for You. …The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) provides federal leadership in developing the national capacity to reduce violence against women and administer justice for and strengthen services to victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. ... Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a grassroots …MADD’s president, Tess Rowland has been involved with Mothers Against Drunk Driving since 2021 when her life was impacted by a ‘wrong-way’ alleged drunk driver with drugs in the car.Drunk driving is as prevalent as it is lethal. According to the US Department of Transportation, nearly 4 million American adults committed an estimated 112 million drunk-driving incidents in 2010 alone. Despite the high volume of drunk driving episodes, only a small percentage of impaired drivers are arrested. There are almost 300,000 drunk ...Nov 27, 2022 · Now, Moms Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has started a holiday campaign to bring that number down as much as possible. MADD Holiday Campaign. In 2020, there was a reported 11,564 death related to intoxicated driving in Indiana. The MADD "Tie One On For Safety" holiday campaign is reminding everyone that drinking and driving do not mix. Dec 18, 2021 · Buy MOMS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING | MADD - Graphic Tank Top: Shop top fashion brands Tanks & Camis at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases 4561.00. People Killed In December Drunk-Driving Crashes From 2017-2021. During the Christmas and New Year holiday periods, we often see a rise in drunk-driving deaths. In fact, recent data shows December drunk driving deaths are the highest in almost 15 years. As a result, you'll likely see more law enforcement on the roads as part of Drive ... Updated Oct 25, 2022. Every single day in the United States, 28 people die in a car crash that involves a driver who is under the influence of and impaired by alcohol, the Centers …Near-term tech. The global DMS market is estimated to surpass $2.1 billion by 2026, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 9.8% from this year, . Top-down demand due to regulations like the ...Feb 11, 2024 · There are 80 estimated trips taken by a drunk driver for every one DUI, Dennis Maughan, the Pacific Northwest regional executive director of Moms Against Drunk Driving, a national advocacy group ... Moms Demand Action’s founder Shannon Watts intentionally modeled the organization on Mothers Against Drunk Driving (M.A.D.D.) because, as she told me, she wanted to be …Nov 27, 2022 · Now, Moms Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has started a holiday campaign to bring that number down as much as possible. MADD Holiday Campaign. In 2020, there was a reported 11,564 death related to intoxicated driving in Indiana. The MADD "Tie One On For Safety" holiday campaign is reminding everyone that drinking and driving do not mix. Mothers Against Drunk Driving. stated on February 11, 2014 in a press release: "A majority of drunk driving deaths and injuries are caused by drunk driving offenders with no prior convictions." By ...At Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we’re focused on one goal: ending impaired driving for good. Since our founding, we've served as a lifeline for thousands of victims and survivors, and drunk driving fatalities have been cut in half — but we refuse to stop there. Together, we can end this 100% preventable crime. 24/7 Help Donate Now. We're Here for You. …KURTZLEBEN: And so just four days later, she started putting together a new group - Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD. At the time, she was grieving, so she wasn't …Mothers Against Drunk Driving's mission is to stop drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking. Description Founded by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is the nation’s largest …Dec 1, 2019 · Date First Available : December 1, 2019. Manufacturer : Mothers Against Drunk Driving - Clothing. ASIN : B0826NK418. Best Sellers Rank: #72,957 in Climate Pledge Friendly ( See Top 100 in Climate Pledge Friendly) #37,770 in Climate Pledge Friendly: Apparel. #44,322 in Women's Novelty T-Shirts. #50,724 in Men's Novelty T ... Jan 4, 2023 · "She ended up taking custody of all of their children," said Alex Otte, a regional director with Moms Against Drunk Driving (MADD). "She talks a lot about how grandparents, their children are ... According to an article in Time, the technology may involve passive monitoring of a driver’s breath, eye scans to check for focus, or infrared touch tests on ignition buttons. As part of the ...And between 1980 and 1985, states passed more than 700 new drunk-driving laws. Drunk drivers, previously seen as rebels or comic figures, had become outlaws. By 1985, the annual number of U.S ...Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA. 10.1080/15389580600727705. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has arguably been one of the most successful public-health grassroots citizen advocacy organizations in the United States in the past century. In 2005, MADD celebrated …May 13, 2018 · Moms Demand itself is modeled on another powerful grassroots movement that changed the way Americans thought about alcohol and cars: Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Advertisement Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD, was started in 1980 by a California mom whose daughter was killed in a drunk driving crash. She was joined by another mom in …Nov 13, 2009 · Cari’s tragic death compelled her mother, Candy Lightner, to found the organization Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), which would grow into one of the country’s most influential non-profit ... Published Dec. 9, 2008. By Airmen Against Drunk Driving. AADD. EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE, Fla. -- Team Eglin - Be safe, don't drive drunk. Airmen Against Drunk Driving. Call (850) 882-SAFE (7233) We drive so you don't have to!At Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we’re focused on one goal: ending impaired driving for good. Since our founding, we've served as a lifeline for thousands of victims and survivors, and drunk driving fatalities have been cut in half — but we refuse to stop there. Together, we can end this 100% preventable crime. 24/7 Help Donate Now. We're Here for You. …Uber & MADD Announce Campaign To Eliminate Any Excuse For Drinking And Driving. We are thrilled to announce a new safety awareness campaign with our long-time partner, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, highlighting all the reasons people should choose to ride rather than giving an excuse to get behind the wheel after …Dec 8, 2022 · At the time, she had about 75 Facebook friends. Referencing Mothers Against Drunk Driving, she wrote, “We should have a conversation about the need for MADD but for gun safety.” The post went ... Dec 1, 2019 · Buy MOMS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING | MADD - Graphic Pullover Hoodie: Shop top fashion brands Hoodies at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases ARKANSAS DOES NOT ACCEPT ONLINE MOTHER'S AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING (MADD) CERTIFICATES OR OUT OF STATE CERTIFICATES FOR DRIVER'S LICENSE REINSTATEMENT. Drug and Alcohol Safety Educational Program (DASEP) is providing victim impact panels for driver's license …201 to 500 Employees. 1 Location. Type: Nonprofit Organization. Founded in 1980. Revenue: $25 to $100 million (USD) Civic & Social Services. Competitors: Unknown. How we got started Founded in 1980 by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving® (MADD) is the nation’s largest nonprofit working to …Remorseful: Debra Oberlin, 48, was nearly three times over the drink-drive limit, police said. A former president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving has been arrested for driving while nearly three ...Drunk driving is as prevalent as it is lethal. According to the US Department of Transportation, nearly 4 million American adults committed an estimated 112 million drunk-driving incidents in 2010 alone. Despite the high volume of drunk driving episodes, only a small percentage of impaired drivers are arrested. There are almost 300,000 drunk ...Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD) is a non-profit organization in the United States, Canada and Brazil that seeks to stop drunk driving, support those affected by drunk …6 days ago · Mothers Against Drunk Driving's mission is to stop drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking. Description Founded by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is the nation’s largest nonprofit working to protect families ... Jul 30, 2023 · Moms Against Drunk Driving has attempted to address drunk driving in the state in other ways. In Gallatin County, the group runs a victim impact panel. Motorists convicted of a DUI are court ... Abstract. In advance of a safety campaign on 17 March 2017, Donald Redelmeier and Allan Detsky call on physicians and clinical colleagues to reduce the chances that patients will drive drunk. In 2014, over 100,000 people in the United States were hospitalized because of alcohol-related traffic crashes, and 9,967 …Dec 1, 2019 · Date First Available : December 1, 2019. Manufacturer : Mothers Against Drunk Driving - Clothing. ASIN : B0826NK418. Best Sellers Rank: #72,957 in Climate Pledge Friendly ( See Top 100 in Climate Pledge Friendly) #37,770 in Climate Pledge Friendly: Apparel. #44,322 in Women's Novelty T-Shirts. #50,724 in Men's Novelty T ... One call away. A Team Misawa member calls Airman Against Drunk Driving at Misawa Air Base, Japan, Jan. 11, 2020. A2D2 operates out of T’s Burritos Friday to Saturday from 11:30 p.m. to 2 a.m. A2D2 members volunteer to save lives and practice good wingmanship. To use their services, call 0176-77-2232 or DSN 226-2232.Debra Oberlin, a former president of a defunct chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, was arrested recently by the Gainesville, Fla. police - for drunk driving, according to the Gainesville Sun ...Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is an example of an alternative social movement because it targets one behavior—drunk driving. Through its efforts, MADD has caused tougher drunk driving laws to be enacted, and thus changed peoples' behavior. See also. Alter-globalization; Environmentalism; Social movement; NotesMay 14, 2023 · Moms Demand Action’s founder Shannon Watts intentionally modeled the organization on Mothers Against Drunk Driving (M.A.D.D.) because, as she told me, she wanted to be part of “a badass army ... Jul 29, 2022 · Luna sought out Moms Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and she noticed there wasn’t anything or anyone sharing the message in the Hispanic community. In 2004 she created Angels in Action, using ... The organization Mothers Against Drunk Driving released a small ad campaign in 2011 that featured the stick figure family car decals shown to be families affected by drunk driving. The campaign attempts to discourage impaired driving and prevent accidents by emphasizing the people besides the driver who can be hurt in various ways. The one …Apr 24, 2023 · In this op-ed, the 24-year-old president of MADD talks about changing the conversation on drunk driving. May 4, 2021, was supposed to be a normal Tuesday. Instead, I call it my “Alive Day ... Anidjar & Levine Students Against Drinking and Driving Scholarship ($2,500) 2021 Winner: Hannah Pless; 2022 Winners: Nathaniel Derion and Shelice Golding; All awards are mailed directly to the winner’s accredited college, university, or graduate school and go toward assisting with financial aid for the winner’s education.She said she takes inspiration from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, formed in 1980 by a mother whose daughter was seriously injured by a drunk driver. (She would later die from her injuries.)Here’s how much you can subtract: 1 hour from last drink: 0.015%. 2 hours from last drink: 0.030%. 3 hours from last drink: 0.045%. 4 hours from last drink 0.060%. 5 hours from last drink 0.075% ...Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD, was started in 1980 by a California mom whose daughter was killed in a drunk driving crash. ... They got involved in policy change, to change the societal norms around the issue and make the crime of drunk driving taboo. So, it was literally moms getting together and …Founded in 1980 by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving® (MADD) is the nation’s largest nonprofit working to end drunk …a driving ban for at least 1 year (3 years if convicted twice in 10 years) Refusing to provide a specimen of breath, blood or urine for analysis. You may get: 6 months’ imprisonment;We want concerned parents to drive a Moms Against Media Addiction movement in 2023, similar to Moms Against Drunk Driving. On #YourUndividedAttention Founded in 1980 by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving® (MADD) is the nation’s largest nonprofit working to end drunk driving, help fight drugged ... Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a non-profit advocacy group that works for tougher DUI laws and eliminating drunk/drugged driving. In addition to influencing DUI legislature and enforcement, they run a Victim Impact Program that some California DUI convicts are required to attend. Mothers Against Drunk Driving or MADD is unquestionably the ... Mar 3, 2005 · And drunk, I finally got into Pavement because I was flying high, Mom. I made a choice, Mom. Your advice to me was “Party!” I felt brave and alive the way you said I would. Though some friends said I should not drink and drive, I myself Made the choice to drive drunk—like you, Mom. I got into my car, Mom, I was really a wreck, Mom, The legal blood-alcohol content is .08%. Drunk driving caused 31% of deaths in car crashes in 2013 (“Drunk Driving Statistics”). In 2012, 402 people were killed by alcohol impairment in North Carolina (“Drunk Driving Statistics”). These numbers, though they seem astonishing, have been cut in half since 1991 (“Drunk Driving Statistics”).Learn about the drunk driving laws in all 50 states. By Richard Stim, Attorney · University of San Francisco School of Law. The consequences of a first-offense DUI (driving under the influence) vary by state. (Some states use the term "DWI" (driving while intoxicated) or "OUI" (operating under the influence) instead of DUI.) Common penalties include jail time, … Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD, was started in 1980 by a California mom whose daughter was killed in a drunk driving crash. She was joined by another mom in Maryland whose daughter had been seriously injured by a drunk driver. Road users who are impaired by alcohol have a significantly higher risk of being involved in a crash. Driving under the influence of alcohol, or drink-driving, is a key risk factor for 27% of all road injuries. Thus, drink-driving is a significant public health problem that affects not only the alcohol user but also, in many cases, innocent ...Use this page to browse bills in the U.S. Congress related to the subject Drunk driving, as determined by the Library of Congress. Track subject. Sub-categories of Drunk driving. Drunk driving has 0 sub-categories that you can use to track a more targeted set of legislation:Jan 4, 2023 · "She ended up taking custody of all of their children," said Alex Otte, a regional director with Moms Against Drunk Driving (MADD). "She talks a lot about how grandparents, their children are ... A jury in Texas has awarded the largest-ever personal injury compensation in the country to a family who lost two people killed by a drunk driver.. The sum is symbolic, lawyers for the family say ...At Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we’re focused on one goal: ending impaired driving for good. Since our founding, we've served as a lifeline for thousands of victims and survivors, and drunk driving fatalities have been cut in half — but we refuse to stop there. Together, we can end this 100% preventable crime.Mothers Against Drunk Driving. stated on February 11, 2014 in a press release: "A majority of drunk driving deaths and injuries are caused by drunk driving offenders with no prior convictions." By ... Mothers Against Drunk Driving. stated on February 11, 2014 in a press release: "A majority of drunk driving deaths and injuries are caused by drunk driving offenders with no prior convictions." By ... Drinking and driving is a surefire way for an Airman to end their career; to combat this, in 2010, Dover Airmen Against Drunk Driving was created. They provide the final backup plan for those who chose to drink and after all other options have been exhausted. The program is run by volunteers and is free and anonymous for users.MADD Canada (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) | 901 followers on LinkedIn. Our Mission: To stop impaired driving and to support victims of this violent crime. | Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD Canada) is a charitable, grassroots organization that is committed to stop impaired driving and support the …At Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we’re focused on one goal: ending impaired driving for good. Since our founding, we've served as a lifeline for thousands of victims and survivors, and drunk driving fatalities have been cut in half — but we refuse to stop there. Together, we can end this 100% preventable crime.Candy Lightner. Candy Lightner (born 1946) transformed a personal trage dy into a crusade against drunk driving. She founded Mothers Against Drunk Driving, a grass-roots organization dedicated to curbing alcohol-related traffic deaths. Lightner was born May 30, 1946, to Dykes Charles Dodderidge and … Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD) is a non-profit organization in the United States, Canada and Brazil that seeks to stop drunk driving, support those affected by drunk driving, prevent underage drinking, and strive for stricter impaired driving policy, whether that impairment is caused by alcohol or any other drug. Goals: To end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes, and prevent underage drinking. Methods : -Mandatory jail sentences. - Treatment for alcoholism and other alcohol abuse issues. -License suspensions. -Maintaining the minimum legal drinking age at 21 years. - Mandating alcohol …
Contract for Life: The S.A.D.D. Story: Directed by Joseph Pevney. With Anne Gee Byrd, Estee Chandler, Robert Chestnut, Timothy Gibbs. True story of high school hockey coach Bob Anastas. After losing two of his all-star hockey players, he gets the students to prevent more tragedies by forming Students Against Drunk Driving.. Coccoon
MADD’s president, Tess Rowland has been involved with Mothers Against Drunk Driving since 2021 when her life was impacted by a ‘wrong-way’ alleged drunk driver with drugs in the car.KURTZLEBEN: And so just four days later, she started putting together a new group - Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD. At the time, she was grieving, so she wasn't …This demonstrates that state’s policy adoptions against drunk driving are not the product of partisan politics. Thus, the accumulated findings indicate that a state’s adoptions of DUI policies are best understood as nonpolitical management approaches or politically popular policies to control drunk driving in the state. By theory, the …Nov 1, 2023 · Jan 11. Advocates call on Quebec to reduce impaired driving limit from 0.08 to 0.05. In every Canadian province except Quebec, drivers can face sanctions for having a blood-alcohol level of 05. In ... Founded in 1980 by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving® (MADD) is the nation’s largest nonprofit working to end drunk driving, help fight drugged ... Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a non-profit organization with a four-part mission to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, serve the victims of these violent crimes, and prevent underage drinking. MADD’s vision is No More Victims. Victim Services Specialists provide direct …Moms Demand Action’s founder Shannon Watts intentionally modeled the organization on Mothers Against Drunk Driving (M.A.D.D.) because, as she told me, she wanted to be …MADD’s president, Tess Rowland has been involved with Mothers Against Drunk Driving since 2021 when her life was impacted by a ‘wrong-way’ alleged drunk driver with drugs in the car. madd.ca. MADD Canada is the Canadian arm of Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Its stated purpose is to stop impaired driving and to support victims. MADD Canada operates public awareness and education programs which focus on preventing impaired driving. Local activities are carried out by chapters in approximately 100 communities across Canada. The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) provides federal leadership in developing the national capacity to reduce violence against women and administer justice for and strengthen services to victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. ... Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a grassroots …201 to 500 Employees. 1 Location. Type: Nonprofit Organization. Founded in 1980. Revenue: $25 to $100 million (USD) Civic & Social Services. Competitors: Unknown. How we got started Founded in 1980 by a mother whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver, Mothers Against Drunk Driving® (MADD) is the nation’s largest nonprofit working to …Victim Assistance We’re here for you. If you or someone you love has been affected by a drunk or drugged driving crash, MADD wants to help. You can contact us through chat, email at [email protected] or on the Helpline at 1-877-623-3435 to talk to a victim advocate. Services Offered Your Rights Victim funds Honor &… Continue reading Victim …MADD is the United States leader in the fight against drunk driving. In 1980, the public's perception toward alcohol impaired driving began to shift. The spark that ignited this …About Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Mothers Against Drunk Driving® (MADD) is the nonprofit leader in a movement to create a world where there are #NoMoreVictims of impaired driving. By working ...This demonstrates that state’s policy adoptions against drunk driving are not the product of partisan politics. Thus, the accumulated findings indicate that a state’s adoptions of DUI policies are best understood as nonpolitical management approaches or politically popular policies to control drunk driving in the state. By theory, the …Their mom, Dawn Simmons, was in the car with three of her nine children when a drunk driver slammed into them, killing 20-year-old Lindy, 17-year-old Christopher and 15-year-old Kamryn. It nearly ...The Bakersfield Police Department donated $2,500 to the Kern County Chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Funding was raised at BPD’s motor competition, which saw …Jul 30, 2023 · Moms Against Drunk Driving has attempted to address drunk driving in the state in other ways. In Gallatin County, the group runs a victim impact panel. Motorists convicted of a DUI are court ... We can connect you with an experienced Los Angeles DUI lawyer and get you a FREE consultation. Fill out the form to the right or call (310) 896-2724 and get your free consultation today. Mothers Against Drunk Driving or MADD is an anti-DUI organization that runs some California programs for convicted DUI drivers. Learn …Alcohol’s byproducts wreak havoc on the cells, raising the risk of liver disease, heart failure, dementia, seven types of cancer, and fetal alcohol syndrome. Just this month, researchers ....